{"id":2550,"date":"2018-10-02T15:37:31","date_gmt":"2018-10-02T06:07:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/paceadelaidelegal.com.au\/?p=2550"},"modified":"2020-01-31T15:48:35","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T05:18:35","slug":"are-casual-employees-really-casual","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/paceadelaidelegal.com.au\/are-casual-employees-really-casual\/","title":{"rendered":"Are Casual Employees Really Casual?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Are Your Casual Employees Really Casual?<\/h2>\n

In this article, one of our employment lawyers<\/a> illustrates the potential risk to employers who misunderstand the definition of a casual employee.<\/strong><\/h5>\n

Employment Contracts Vs The Legal Definition<\/h3>\n

The case below illustrates what can happen when an employer relies on a contract of employment and their own definition of a worker\u2019s employment status. It is also a reminder that regular checks and updates are necessary to ensure that contracts remain relevant and in line with the legal definition of any employment status.
\nSo let\u2019s have a look at the case:<\/p>\n

WorkPac Pty Ltd v Skene – An Overview<\/h3>\n

Introduction<\/h4>\n

A worker\u2019s classification has significant implications in terms of the calculation of a worker\u2019s pay, loading, annual leave, redundancy pay and other entitlements. In the recent Full Federal Court decision of WorkPac Pty Ltd v Skene [2018] FCAFC 131 it was upheld that a worker, Mr Skene (Skene), although employed pursuant to a contract of employment in a nominated capacity of a casual employee, was not a casual employee and thus entitled to be paid annual leave.<\/p>\n

The Impact Of This Decision<\/h4>\n

This decision has caused alarm among some in the business community, but is merely the latest in a long line of decisions that emphasises the Court\u2019s authority to determine a worker\u2019s status, regardless of the terms set out in a written contract and the employer\u2019s expectation of a worker\u2019s status of employment.<\/p>\n

The Facts<\/h3>\n

Skene was a \u2018fly in, fly out\u2019 worker employed by WorkPac at Rio Tinto\u2019s Clermont Mine as a dump-truck operator. He worked on rotation (7 days on and 7 days off).<\/p>\n

Regular, Predictable Work<\/h4>\n

Skene\u2019s employment with WorkPac was regular, predictable and continuous. He worked 12.5 hours per shift for 7 days, followed by 7 days off in a repeated pattern for approximately 2 years. These hours were set by Rio Tinto in accordance with fixed rosters provided 12 months in advance.<\/p>\n

No Flexibility<\/h4>\n

Importantly, there was no opportunity for Skene to choose to not work any particular shift or hours offered to him by WorkPac, given the \u2018fly in, fly out\u2019 nature of the work arrangement.<\/p>\n

Annual Leave<\/h4>\n

Skene did not take any paid annual leave throughout his employment and was not paid for unused annual leave upon the termination of his employment. After his termination, Skene pursued a claim against WorkPac to the effect that he was entitled to be paid for unused accrued annual leave (which he won at first instance).<\/p>\n

The National Employment Standards<\/h4>\n

Most importantly, in the writer\u2019s view, the Court emphatically stated the principle that the National Employment Standards were at the pinnacle of the hierarchy of terms and conditions of employment, and that the legislature did not intend to \u2018outsource\u2019 the definition of the term \u2018casual employees\u2019 to the Fair Work Commission, or industrial parties making enterprise agreements.<\/p>\n

Interpretation Of \u201cCasual Employment\u201d<\/h4>\n

The Court, at length, then explored whether Parliament intended that the term \u201ccasual employees\u201d in s 86 of the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) be used in its ordinary sense, legal sense or specialised non-legal sense, being the \u2018common industrial meaning\u2019.\u00a0 WorkPac contended that the term \u201ccasual employees\u201d should be given its common industrial meaning.<\/p>\n

The Court noted that the term \u201ccasual employees\u201d had no precise meaning and determining whether an employee was a casual employee depended upon an objective characterisation of the nature of the employment, having regard to all the circumstances.
\nSome of those circumstances include irregular work patterns, uncertainty, discontinuity, intermittency of work and unpredictability.<\/p>\n

Examples Provided By The Court To Illustrate Their Decision<\/h4>\n

The Court then provided two examples of how this can work in practice (examples extracted in full).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Example 1<\/h5>\n

A relief teacher is employed by a secondary school to relieve a teacher ill with the flu. She is employed for 10 consecutive school days. On the ninth day she is asked to relieve a teacher taking two months long service leave. That takes her employment through to the end of the school term. A few days into the new term, the relief teacher relieves for another teacher who has unexpectedly been dismissed and works for a month until a replacement for the dismissed teacher is found. And so the pattern continues for 12 months. Whilst irregularity was not a feature of the employment, at no time during the 12 month period was the teacher other than in casual employment, because at no time was there a firm advance mutual commitment to on-going employment on an agreed pattern of ordinary hours of work. It just happened that the teacher\u2019s work turned out to be regular.<\/p>\n

Example 2<\/h5>\n

A second example may be illustrated by reference to a researcher employed by a university, as and when funding grants for particular scientific research become available to fund the employment of an additional researcher. Funding grants are short-term and whether or not the university will succeed in obtaining funds is unpredictable. In a particular year the university is successful in winning several grants across a number of research projects. That results in the researcher moving from one project to the next, but being regularly employed for over 12 months. Unpredictability as to the availability of further work for the researcher meant that at no point in the 12 month period was an advance mutual commitment to ongoing employment on an agreed pattern of work a characteristic of the employment. Despite the regularity of the employment, the researcher remained a casual employee over that period.
\nUltimately, the Full Federal Court dismissed WorkPac\u2019s appeal of the original decision (among other orders).<\/p>\n

The Common Industry Meaning<\/h4>\n

The main complaint about this decision appears to stem from the fact that the legal meaning of a casual worker differed from the accepted industry meaning of that term. However, that complaint simplifies the surrounding facts in this instance.<\/p>\n

In the Words of the Court:<\/h5>\n

We do not accept that WorkPac has established a uniformly understood specialised meaning of the expression \u201ccasual employee\u201d which existed in the field of industrial relations at the time that the FW Act was enacted. We should add that a consistency of understanding for the \u201ccommon industrial meaning\u201d contended for was not even maintained in the course of the hearing. While WorkPac\u2019s written submissions stated that a \u201ccasual employee\u201d was an employee defined or described as a casual employee under the applicable federal industrial instrument, WorkPac\u2019s oral submissions, at various times, identified two additional features. First, that the employee is paid a casual loading pursuant to the applicable industrial instrument, and second, that the employee is employed on an hourly or daily basis.
\nIn other words \u2013 there was no \u2018common industrial meaning\u2019 of the term \u2018casual employees\u2019.We note that the Court also found that even if a common understanding was to be found and accepted it would have rejected the meaning put forward by WorkPac on the facts of this case.
\nUltimately, it is unsurprising that a Court decided how a worker should be classified based on the actual facts of a particular case. This is a feature of our legal system.<\/p>\n

Double Dipping \u2013 Annual Leave and Loading<\/h4>\n

The other common complaint in relation to this ruling was the fact that it could lead to workers coming out of the woodwork to claim annual leave, having already received loading.
\nThe Court expressly decided that this could not occur. In the words of the Court:
\nThere is nothing in the FW Act that requires employees who are not casual employees and thus entitled to annual leave under s 87 to be paid a casual loading. If so much is recognised and respected by awards and enterprise agreements, as the hierarchy established by the FW Act must envisage, no \u201cdouble dipping\u201d is possible.<\/p>\n

The lack of a Clear Definition of a \u2018Casual Employee\u2019<\/h4>\n

One complaint that the writer does sympathise with is the fact that the legislature has not clearly defined what a casual employee is.
\nWhile there may be reasonable policy reasons for that, not the least of which is flexibility of the term which may work to the benefit of employers, it does lead to the conclusion that employers should constantly review an employee\u2019s working arrangements to ensure that they are correctly classified.<\/p>\n

How does this Impact Businesses?<\/h3>\n

As stated above, to the writer at least, the decision appears to be in line with a long list of authorities in which employers are reminded that they should look to the substance of a proposed working arrangement when deciding on classifications (and then regularly reviewing the same), instead of relying on a written contract which does not reflect (or is not updated to reflect) the actual working arrangements. Otherwise, a Court may decide for that employer.<\/p>\n

Conclusion<\/h3>\n

The above is a general overview of a complex case and lengthy decision and should not be relied upon in place of specialist legal advice.
\nFor more information on employment law or other commercial matters, please contact Shavin Silva at Adelaide Legal on (08) 8410 9494<\/a> or email via https:\/\/paceadelaidelegal.com.au\/contact<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Are Your Casual Employees Really Casual? In this article, one of our employment lawyers illustrates the potential risk to employers who misunderstand the definition of a casual employee. Employment Contracts Vs The Legal Definition The case below illustrates what can happen when an employer relies on a contract of employment and their own definition of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":2552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nAre Casual Employees Really Casual? - Pace Adelaide Legal<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There are significant risks to employers who misunderstand the definition of a casual employee. 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